Каталог заданий ЕГЭ по английскому языку: Чтение

<p>Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A – F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 – 7 . Одна из частей в списке 1 – 7 лишняя . Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.</p><p>Russian food</p><p>Russian food is full of flavour and Russian cuisine is as diverse as the regions in the huge country. It may not be the first to come to mind A __________ , but the country has plenty of delicious traditional dishes to try. Visitors to Russia are often surprised at the variety and flavors of Russian cuisine, which is influenced by Russia’s connection to Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. The most classic Russian recipes B __________ , porridges, and stuffed dough. Sour cream accompanies many dishes.</p><p>Russian food is famously heavy, filled with potatoes, mayonnaise, meat, and other delicious but not-too-healthy things. Yet, not all Russian food is a calorie bomb! There are C __________ also very healthy. If you’re watching your diet but D __________ food, the best one is borscht.</p><p>Borscht is a beet soup that originated in Ukraine and was quickly adopted as a Russian specialty as well. This soup may taste strange, but E __________ you, as it is filled with cheap and healthy root vegetables like beets and carrots. It can be served with sour cream or yogurt and a sprinkle of fresh parsley on top. It takes quite a long time to make, but I do recommend making the stock from scratch instead of using store-bought. If you find that the stock is still lacking in flavour for whatever reason, F __________ the water.</p><p>when you think of a food destination</p><p>don’t hesitate to add a bouillon cube to</p><p>especially vegetable soups, pasta and stews</p><p>it is actually incredibly healthy and good for</p><p>are made of veggies and wheat, such as soups</p><p>still want to try some traditional Russian dinner</p><p>some dinner dishes which are not only delicious but</p>

<p>Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A – F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 – 7 . Одна из частей в списке 1 – 7 лишняя . Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.</p><p>Burns Night</p><p>Each year Scottish people across the world celebrate a unique dinner known as “ Burns Night ” . This is A __________ called Robert Burns. Traditionally it happens on his birthday, the 25th January. Scotland can be very dark and cold at this time of year, so it’s B __________ with friends and family. Burns is still an important figure in Scotland and even though he died in 1796 at the age of 37, he was recently voted “ The Greatest Scot ” . His birthday has become as important as Scotland ’s national day, St Andrew’s Day.</p><p>The idea for C __________ soon after his death, and these days is actually quite a complicated affair. To start people are sat down at the table and the host reads a poem called “ The Selkirk Grace ” . It’s normally done in a Scottish dialect which even English people find difficult to understand. Although Burns probably didn't actually write this, he is known D __________. Next, soup is served. The highlight though is listening to a bagpiper playing as the main course of haggis arrives.</p><p>Haggis is a special dish made from a mixture of sheep heart, lung and liver and oats, which is a bit like a giant sausage and surprisingly tasty. So tasty in fact that Robert Burns wrote E __________. After dinner there’s a speaker, who may recite more poetry and a toast is made to the memory of Robert Burns. Next F __________ about ladies and a female guest replies with a funny speech about men. Throughout the rest of the night there is even more of Burns’ poetry.</p><p>to have read it at a dinner</p><p>the next course is served which is</p><p>a male guest makes a funny speech</p><p>to remember a famous Scottish poet</p><p>an excellent reason to enjoy a large dinner</p><p>a poem about it called ‘Address to a Haggis’</p><p>a dinner started over two hundred years ago</p>

<p>Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A – F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 – 7 . Одна из частей в списке 1 – 7 лишняя . Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.</p><p>Going green</p><p>Green buildings. Green energy. Green cleaning. Once upon a time, green was just another colour in your crayon box. It was also a word A__________ . In recent years, “green” has become the universal word for all environmentally friendly things.</p><p>The happy hum of a washing machine, B__________ are some of the soothing sounds of home. And there are times when these appliances are running all at once at your place. But as C__________ pollution. The more energy your home consumes, the harder power plants have to work, and the more pollution enters the environment.</p><p>As a resident of a fragile planet, you do want to do your part to help the environment. So you recycle, you use D__________ and you never let the water run while you’re brushing your teeth. But as you do your part to protect the environment, it’s important E__________ can also improve your health. For example, reducing carbon dioxide emissions can be achieved in many ways, and can benefit your health. By deciding to use your bike or walk to work, you benefit both F__________ . You reduce your fossil fuel consumption and increase leisure-time physical activity and connect with others. So, don’t hesitate and go green whenever you can.</p><p>to keep in mind that living green</p><p>your health and the local environment</p><p>biking, walking or working from home</p><p>public transportation whenever you can</p><p>clothes dryer, dishwasher and refrigerator</p><p>the neighbour used to describe your garden</p><p>your electricity usage goes up, so does the air</p>

<p>Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A – F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7 . Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя . Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.</p><p>Do jellyfish sleep?</p><p>Worms and fish do it. Birds and bees do it. But do jellyfish fall asleep?</p><p>It was after midnight A__________ where the jellyfish were kept. They left the lights off and walked through the room by the glow of their cellphones. The students did not tell anyone that they were doing this. The secret they were keeping was a “ totally crazy ” experiment aimed at finding out whether jellyfish sleep.</p><p>A few weeks before, B __________ whether jellyfish needed to sleep. “ Of course not, ” said one of them . “S leep helps C__________ . Jellyfish are so simple they don ’ t even have brains. How could they possibly share the need to sleep? ” The others weren ’ t so sure, but they wanted to find out.</p><p>The three students designed an experiment to test different behaviors and see if the jellyfish were asleep. They watched the animals to see how they moved, and D __________ when they were resting. It turned out that the jellyfish moved about 30 percent less at night. It was also harder to get their attention.</p><p>Months of late-night studying led to amazing results. Young scientists repor ted E__________ sleeplike behavior. This ma de it the first animal without a brain known to do so. The results suggest F__________ life , as the jellyfish group of animals first arose about 700 million years ago, and has stuck with us ever since.</p><p>if they could get the jellies ’ attention</p><p>how talkative they were in a situation close to</p><p>when three science students crept into the lab</p><p>that sleep evolved early in the history of animal</p><p>strengthen memory and keep the brain healthy</p><p>that the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea show ed</p><p>the students were having coffee and started debating</p>

<p>Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A – F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7 . Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя . Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.</p><p>Red Pandas</p><p>Have you ever seen a red panda? With their cute fluffy faces and funny games, they’ve become internet superstars. Red pandas look nothing like giant pandas; yet just like them, red pandas live in the mountainous forests of Asia. But while giant pandas belong to the bear family, red pandas A__________ , raccoons and weasels.</p><p>Red pandas were carnivores, B__________ . They had teeth designed for ripping and shredding. However, more than 2 million years ago, they decided bamboo was a better choice and switched to a bamboo-based diet. Bamboo doesn’t run away , C__________ . They might also occasionally eat fruits, insects and bird eggs, too.</p><p>Red pandas are skilled tree-top navigators. They have sharp claws like a cat, D__________ . They also use their bushy tails to help keep their balance. The funny fact about red pandas is that they can climb down a tree headfirst. They are E__________ .</p><p>Though it might not seem like it, a red panda’s rusty coat helps them to hide in the forest. The trees F__________ and Myanmar are covered with reddish-brown moss. Red pandas blend right in.</p><p>Red pandas also have black fur on their belly and legs. This helps them camouflage with the forest's dark leaves. This also helps them hide from their predators.</p><p>which are animals that eat meat</p><p>one of the few animals that can do this</p><p>are probably more closely related to skunks</p><p>it ’ s always green, and you can always find it</p><p>which they use to hold on to slippery tree branches</p><p>in the mountainous forests of China, India, Nepal</p><p>who have everything for eating and digesting plants</p>

<p>Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A – F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 – 7 . Одна из частей в списке 1 – 7 лишняя . Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.</p><p>Unique nature of Kamchatka</p><p>Kamchatka is a peninsula located in the north-eastern part of Russia. It is surrounded with the Okhotskoye Sea , the Beringovo Sea and the Pacific Ocean . This region has a very unique environment A __________ one is looking for picturesque views, unforgettable travels and unity with nature.</p><p>Kamchatka is famous for its volcanoes, B __________. Volcanoes are represented on Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the most eastern city in the northern hemisphere, coat of arms as well. There are more than 300 volcanoes in Kamchatka , from 28 up to 36 of them are active, or potentially active. Kamchatka volcanoes are included in the list of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.</p><p>The region is also known C __________ – rivers and lakes. Many Kamchatka rivers spring from mountain tops and glaciers, that is why they are very clean, and it is wonderful for those D __________. In general, there are up to 14 thousand rivers and streams, 100 thousand lakes and 414 glaciers in Kamchatka .</p><p>Kamchatka is a home to the Valley of Geysers, E __________ geysers in the world, after Icelandic geyser fields. It is not easily accessible, as long as it is too unique to be opened for tourists all the time. The Valley of Geysers’ ecosystem is very vulnerable, F __________ and regulate the visiting. In fact, the larger part of Kamchatka is preserved. There are many nature reserves and nature parks in Kamchatka .</p><p>that makes it a place to visit when</p><p>to be a place of many water sources</p><p>so it is necessary to monitor it all the time</p><p>which are depicted on most souvenirs there</p><p>who love fishing, including Kamchatka bears</p><p>which has the second largest concentration of</p><p>to be a popular nature reserve and health resort</p>

<p>Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A – F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1 – 7 . Одна из частей в списке 1 – 7 лишняя . Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.</p><p>City of fountains</p><p>Peterhof is a monument of world architecture and palace and park art. Peterhof includes a palace and park ensemble of the 18-19th centuries, A __________. Peterhof is a city of fountains as it contains 173 fountains and 4 cascades B __________. Each year up to 3 million people come here to enjoy the splendour of numerous fountains and the unique parks of Peterhof.</p><p>The name Peterhof was first mentioned in 1705. It was a coastal manor, close to which the construction of a grand country residence began. The original plan belonged to Peter the Great. After the brilliant victory of Russian troops over the Swedes, security of St. Petersburg both from the land C __________. Since that time, the construction of the Peterhof residence grew immensely in scope.</p><p>According to the plan of Peter the Great, on the one hand, Peterhof was meant to be equal in splendour with the most famous royal residences in Europe, D __________ to access the Baltic Sea. Both were successfully done. The Great Palace was built on a natural hill here, E __________. Following the plan of Peter the Great, F __________, the Grand Cascade with the famous Samson fountain was constructed. This is still one of the most spectacular fountains in the world. In 1990 the palaces and parks of Peterhof were included in the list of the world heritage of UNESCO.</p><p>and from the sea has been firmly ensured</p><p>which is a former royal countryside residence</p><p>who designs many royal residences in Europe</p><p>and then rebuilt in the baroque style in the 18th century</p><p>who wanted to decorate the main entrance with waterfalls</p><p>that are located in the park on the coast of the Gulf of Finland</p><p>and on the other hand, to become a monument of Russia’s struggle</p>

<p>Установите соответствие между текстами A – G и заголовками 1–8 . Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз . В задании один заголовок лишний .</p><p>А. Making you open-minded</p><p>Б. Travel without travelling</p><p>В. Cheap and useful</p><p>Г. Not for every tourist</p><p>Д. Beneficial for career</p><p>Е. Ways to spend less</p><p>Ж. For mind and body</p><p>1. A different perception of travel</p><p>2. More and more travellers are seeking a new kind of break. Wellness tourism is a trend taking the industry by storm. Apart from yoga and healthy diets, wellness tours also focus on meditation. Meditation is known for its multitude of benefits. Apart from improving your health and keeping you fit, meditation also focuses on your mood and helps you gain a more positive outlook on life. Vipassana Meditation, which means seeing things as they really are, is one of India’s most ancient techniques of meditation.</p><p>3. You do not always need to exit your house to travel the world. Nowadays it is possible to open the street view and pretend that you are walking down unfamiliar paths and tourist places. This way, you can also avoid the crowds while taking in the beauty of the surroundings. There are a lot of museums across the world that offer virtual tours, either for free or for a small price. Going to international museums physically might not be possible but learning about culture is something you can do from the comfort of your own home.</p><p>4. Travelling in the past was about adventure, discovery, exploration and domination. However, when you think about it, the term explorer has gone out of style. In toda y’s stressed out world, we travel places to treat ourselves, find out who we really are and do those things that make us truly happy. In a way, people were born to travel. As nomadic tribes, people moved in search of food. Travel in the name of religion prompted pilgrims and missionaries to journey into foreign lands to spread their god’s word with various success levels.</p><p>5. A person who engages with new ideas and cultures is more likely to hold different viewpoints on the same subject than someone who does not travel. Travel forces you to think about other cultures and ways of living. It replaces your old idea of reality with a new, more complex one. It is this process together with your brain’s reaction to it that pushes you to change and grow in a unique way. Travelling makes a person more creative, more flexible and more emotionally stable. It is an opportunity to learn and grow.</p><p>6. If there is one thing that helps develop your adaptability, it is travelling. You are going to be pushed out of your comfort zone. Travelling helps you develop your soft skills. No matter what you plan to get out of travelling, your soft skills will develop. Soft skills are highly sought after by employers. They include your leadership qualities and your ability to work in a team. The mix of people, social and professional skills, coupled with emotional and social intelligence is becoming highly valued in all spheres of our life.</p><p>7. Mountain climbing can be a very serious undertaking. The more prepared you are for the physical demands, the more you will enjoy the activity. If you are considering mountain climbing, even for just one adventure, you cannot just show up with your guidebook and gear. You need to spend some energy and time and get your body’s physical system ready for the demands that climbing can put on you to help protect you from injury later on. Training for mountain climbing is an important process that should never be skipped.</p><p>8. When travelling on a budget, there are lots of ways to make your money last longer. Some places become more expensive during Christmas and New Year’s, during summer and during spring breaks. If you avoid these times of year, you will find hotels that want to fill up their properties, tours that may have discount prices in order to draw visitors in the off-season and lower flight prices. Low season does not appeal to everyone. But for those who are happy to deal with alternate weather, it can be the perfect time to travel.</p>

<p>Установите соответствие между текстами A – G и заголовками 1 – 8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний .</p><p>А. Don't forget to rest</p><p>Б. Write down and revise</p><p>В. Information and technology</p><p>Г. Never put off till tomorrow</p><p>Д. Set realistic targets</p><p>Е. Study plans per week</p><p>Ж. Find a place to your liking</p><p>1. More important at college</p><p>2. Today’s young generation will also need to master a new skill – digital literacy. Digital literacy can be defined as “the ability to find, evaluate, utilize, share, and create content using information technologies and the Internet”. Digital literacy, by this definition, encompasses a wide range of skills, all of which are necessary to succeed in an increasingly digital world. Students who lack digital literacy skills may soon find themselves at a disadvantage. As technology changes, students also need to keep updated.</p><p>3. The key to becoming an effective student is learning how to study smarter, not harder. This becomes more and more true as you advance in your education. An hour or two of studying a day is usually sufficient to make it through high school with satisfactory grades, but when college arrives, there aren’t enough hours in the day to squeeze all your studying in if you don’t know how to make your study efficient without skipping sleep or meals. The vast majority of successful college students achieve their success by developing and applying effective study habits.</p><p>4. Ever find yourself up late at night expending more energy trying to keep your eyelids open than you are studying? If so, it’s time for a change. Successful students typically space their work out over shorter periods of time and rarely try to cram all of their studying into just one or two sessions. If you want to become a successful student, then you need to learn to be consistent in your studies and to have regular, yet shorter, study sessions, with periods of rest in between. That will give your brain time to process the new information.</p><p>5. Successful students schedule specific times throughout the week when they are going to study – and then they stick with their schedule. Students who study sporadically and whimsically typically do not perform as well as students who have a set study schedule. Сreating a weekly routine, where you set aside a period of time a few days a week, to review your courses will ensure you develop habits that will enable you to succeed in your education long term. You won’t get stressed or overwhelmed by portioning your workload.</p><p>6. It is very easy, and common, to put off your study session because of lack of interest in the subject, because you have other things you need to get done, or just because the assignment is hard and needs effort and perseverance. Successful students do not procrastinate studying. If you procrastinate your study session, your studying will become less effective and you may not get everything accomplished that you need to. Procrastination also leads to rushing, and rushing is the number one cause of errors.</p><p>7. Always make sure to take good notes in class. Before you start each study session, and before you start a particular assignment, review your notes thoroughly to make sure you know how to complete the assignment correctly. Reviewing before each study session will help you remember important subject matter learned during the day, and make sure your studying is targeted and effective. Successful students also look through what they have written down at their lectures and seminars during the week over the weekend.</p><p>8. Everyone gets distracted by something: TV, or maybe family. Some people actually study better with a little background noise. When you’re distracted while studying you lose your train of thought and are unable to focus – both of which will lead to very ineffective studying. Before you start, find a place where you won’t be disturbed. For some people this is a quiet cubical in the recesses of the library. For others it is in a common area where there is little background noise. For some it may be a park or a garden – there are so many options to choose from!</p>

<p>Установите соответствие между текстами A – G и заголовками 1 – 8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний .</p><p>А. More advantages at the job market</p><p>Б. How long does it take?</p><p>В. Using different resources</p><p>Г. Available to everybody</p><p>Д. Cheaper than usual</p><p>Е. Fewer possibilities</p><p>Ж. Types of distance learning</p><p>1. Not for everybody</p><p>2. Thanks to technology innovation, distance learning has always involved more than reading texts and writing essays or assignments. Virtual microscopes, interactive laboratories and online collaborations have taken the place of home experiment kits sent by post, while late night TV programmes have been replaced by DVDs and online interactive videos. Distance teaching universities can nowadays choose from many methods to support learning.</p><p>3. The delivery method of distance learning programmes varies. Although many courses are taught entirely online, some schools also give students an opportunity to meet face-to-face with tutors and classmates several times a year. In other situations, students will do all their work online and are only required to attend specific locations for exams. Others may attend weekly lectures in addition to completing work online. This combined system is known as blended learning.</p><p>4. Employers can be especially impressed by people who have studied for a distance learning qualification. The CEO of a large international consulting firm recently commented that he would value more favourably a graduate from a distance learning MBA who had achieved the same results as a graduate from similar on-campus programme because it takes more commitment, enthusiasm, time and energy from the student to achieve this result.</p><p>5. Distance learning requires self-discipline and determination and would not suit someone with no motivation to study on his or her own, who needs the structure of a traditional learning environment, or with simply no time for studying. Although it is possible to still have time for family and professional commitments while attending a distance education school, it does not mean there will be less work than at residential school.</p><p>6. The length of online university courses varies depending on whether you’ll be studying full- or part-time, the level of the qualification, and the subject of study. For the majority of full-time undergraduate programmes, the timeframe is similar to a traditional bachelor’s course of three or four years. For part-time courses, your studies may take additional two or three years. Most online university courses will give a specific time period within which students must complete their studies.</p><p>7. One of the leading providers of online education in the UK is the Open University. Fees at the Open University vary depending on whether you study part-time or full-time, but the average cost for full-time is ?5,264 annually for three years. This is approximately ?3,700 less per year than enrolling at a campus-based UK university as a home student, and considerably less than the amount international students would pay to study in the UK.</p><p>8. In the last few years another type of online education has appeared – MOOCs (massive open online courses). These are free online education programmes that anyone can sign up to, typically offered by well-known universities. They now cover a wide range of subjects. As MOOCs are free and open to all with access to the internet, they are useful for people of all ages and professional backgrounds who are keen to learn a new skill or gain information about a particular subject.</p>

<p>Установите соответствие между текстами A – G и заголовками 1 – 8 . Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний .</p><p>А. Inspired by nature</p><p>Б. Wonderful combination</p><p>В. Restoring old traditions</p><p>Г. Protecting the environment</p><p>Д. Different at different time</p><p>Е. Chosen as the best among hundreds</p><p>Ж. The closest to the sky</p><p>1. Saved from being pulled down</p><p>2. Sydney Opera House was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007 as one of the most iconic buildings in the world. Its planning began in the 1940s, as the existing building for large theatrical productions was not large enough. The Opera House was designed by a Danish architect Jorn Utzon whose design was selected as the winning one among 232 other entries in an international design competition. The formal inauguration of the building took place on 20 October 1973.</p><p>3. The Eiffel Tower was built in 1889 in Paris . It was designed as an entrance to the 1889 World’s Fair and named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower. However, initially the plan was to make it stand for only twenty years since its construction. The City had planned to tear it down in 1909, but as the tower proved to be valuable for the image of the city, it was allowed to remain. Now it has become the symbol of the city, seen as one of the World’s wonders.</p><p>4. The Electric Forest Festival, which started less than a decade ago, is a four-day multi-genre event, held in Rothbury, Michigan. The main focus of the event is upon electronic and jam bands. But what captures the eyes is a special atmosphere during this festival. The surrounding environment becomes a kaleidoscope of laser light shows. The mixture of electronic lights and the sounds appeal to different senses and together create a unique, surreal, magical experience.</p><p>5. Casa Mila, designed by the architect Antoni Gaudí, is one of Barcelona ’s World Heritage sites and is one of the most visited attractions the city has to offer. The building is also known as “ La Pedrera ” translated as the Stone wave, because of the facade which is made up completely with natural stones and does not have any straight lines. Gaudi explained it by the fact that straight lines cannot be found anywhere in the wild landscape and it can be made only by men.</p><p>6. To mark the end of the Christmas season, Shetland in Scotland celebrates a variety of fire festivals every year. The most interesting of them is held at the capital, where this practice was born as early as in 1876, when strong men dragged barrels with burning tar on sledges. Today, thousands of people dress up in period-clothes. The procession burns down the model of a Viking ship. The brightness of the fire and men in clothes of the long-gone era make a spectacle show.</p><p>7. Burj Khalifa is an 829.8 m skyscraper in Dubai . It is the tallest structure in the world. There are hotels, residences and observational laboratories in the 163 floors of the building. It’s not only the tallest building in the world, it is also the tallest freestanding structure in the world, has the highest number of stories in the world, highest occupied floor in the world, highest outdoor observation deck in the world, and an elevator with the longest travel distance in the world.</p><p>8. The Taj Mahal is an architectural marvel made of white marble situated on the banks of the river Yamuna in Agra , India . It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Nowadays around 8 million tourists visit the Taj Mahal every year. They come to see the changing colors of the Taj Mahal, which change from pink in the morning, milky white in the evening and golden at night when lit by the moon.</p>

<p>Установите соответствие между текстами A – G и заголовками 1–8 . Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний .</p><p>А. So many benefits!</p><p>Б. Attracting tourists</p><p>В. What coral reefs like</p><p>Г. Productive interaction</p><p>Д. Dangers they face</p><p>Е. The well-known reef</p><p>Ж. What are coral reefs?</p><p>1. Protecting coral reefs</p><p>2. Coral reefs are large underwater structures. Hard corals are the types of coral that make up reefs. They get calcium carbonate from saltwater to construct an exoskeleton. Soft corals are different species of coral that do not contribute to the formation of reefs. These flexible corals, including species like sea whips and fans, often look like trees and plants. The coral reef gradually grows larger over time, getting one little exoskeleton at each stage until they are substantial aquatic ecosystem parts.</p><p>3. It is interesting to know that coral reefs only cover a small percentage of the ocean floor, but they generate a large amount of oxygen. In fact, the earth’s atmosphere gets half of its oxygen from coral reefs. They are necessary for both human survival and the survival of aquatic life. Corals are not in charge of creating oxygen. However, they supply a habitat for special algae, which creates oxygen and distributes it into the atmosphere. So, their symbiotic relationship produces great results for the planet.</p><p>4. Coral reefs provide an available playground. They protect coastlines from erosion and storms, and support local economies. They are also a source of food and medicines. Over 500 million people rely on reefs for food, safety, and money. Fishing, snorkeling, and diving on and around reefs generate a lot of money for nearby businesses. Native people worldwide place a great deal of cultural value on these ecosystems. Whatever the case, there is no denying the importance of corals for the planet.</p><p>5. Barrier reefs run parallel to a shoreline distinguished by a large lagoon or other body of water. The word “barrier” is used here to describe how these reefs, which reach the water’s surface at their shallowest point, act as a barrier separating the ocean and the coast. The most famous barrier reef is the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. It is also the world’s largest barrier reef. The Great Barrier Reef is predicted to be about 20 million years old, but it has managed to maintain its charm over the years.</p><p>6. Coral reefs need sunlight to grow, that is why they hardly ever grow in deep waters. They also are more likely to be found in tropical oceans, as the water is clearer and warmer there. Coral r eefs also grow where there are stronger wave patterns and currents. The stronger currents and waves deliver more food for the ecosystem that creates the reef structure. Oddly enough, reefs usually grow on the eastern shore of land masses. The temperature there is thought to be warmer than on the western side.</p><p>7. The oceans absorb much of the warmth and energy from the earth’s atmosphere. The ocean temperature rises as a result of this heat absorption. Thus, coral reefs have trouble growing when the temperature rises. Sadly, certain regions of the world now experience high temperatures due to global warming. Another threat to coral reefs is ocean pollution brought on by human activities and development. Microplastics are among the main pollutants, and when consumed by corals, they lead to diseases in coral reefs.</p><p>8. Everyone should understand the importance of coral reefs in maintaining the proper oxygen level in the atmosphere. Both our survival and the survival of aquatic organisms depend on these reefs. The decline of coral reefs may finally result in the extinction of humans as well. People lose the source of oxygen more quickly as coral reefs are destroyed. By lowering the toxic gases causing global warming, people can do their part to conserve coral reefs. One should not pollute the environment around the water supply.</p>

<p>Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски A – F частями предложений, обозначенными цифрами 1–7 . Одна из частей в списке 1–7 лишняя . Занесите цифры, обозначающие соответствующие части предложений, в таблицу.</p><p>The Russian taiga</p><p>The Russian taiga is a unique ecoregion between the frozen tundra in the north, and the more temperate mixed forests in the south. It is also known as the needle-leaf forest or the boreal forest. It is essentially a type of forest A __________, and larches grow.</p><p>Parts of Alaska and Canada are covered in the taiga too, B __________ that one can’t find anywhere else. Temperatures can reach as low as -20°C, C __________ of -50°C during the coldest months. In the north of the country, the taiga experiences the midnight sun in summer and the polar night in winter.</p><p>The heart of the taiga is north of Irkutsk city, D __________ await tourists.</p><p>Vodlozersky National Park falls within the Russian taiga as well. It covers over 4,000 square kilometres. The national park is situated in the Republic of Karelia and the Archangelsk Region. It was first established in 1991 to protect the taiga areas of northern Russia, E __________ of a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The park became the first protected object of such level in the European North of Russia. Today, it is a popular destination for whitewater rafting and birdwatching. The park can only be reached via a countryside road from the town of Pudozh. Once at the park, one’s only connection with civilisation is the village of Kuganavolok, F __________.</p><p>which has only 500 permanent residents</p><p>and since 2001, the park has had the status</p><p>but the Russian taiga brings a level of beauty</p><p>where only coniferous trees like pines, spruces</p><p>which attract hundreds of tourists every year</p><p>though the Siberian taiga can easily see nights</p><p>where dogsledding, snowshoeing, the northern lights</p>

<p>Установите соответствие между текстами A – G и заголовками 1 – 8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний .</p><p>А. Perm’s industry</p><p>Б. Beneficial location</p><p>В. City’s cultural life</p><p>Г. Too important to be left alone</p><p>Д. Traditionally liberal</p><p>Е. The greatest achievement</p><p>Ж. Natural resource as attraction</p><p>1. Where the name comes from</p><p>2. The word “ Perm ” first appeared in the 12th century in the Primary Chronicle, the main source describing the early history of the Russian people. The Perm were listed among the people who paid tribute to the Rus. The origin of the word “ Perm ” remains unclear. Most likely, the word came from the Finno-Ugric languages and meant “far land” or “flat, forested place”. But some local residents say it may have come from Per, a hero and the main character of many local legends.</p><p>3. Novgorodian traders were the first to show an interest in Perm. Starting from the 15th century, the Muscovite princes included the area in their plans to create a unified Russian state. During this time the first Russian villages appeared in the northern part of the region. The first industry to appear in the area was a salt factory, which developed on the Usolka river in the city of Solikamsk . Rich salt reserves generated great interest on the part of Russia ’s wealthiest merchants, some of whom bought land there.</p><p>4. The history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the Ural region by Tsar Peter the Great. Perm became the capital of the region in 1781 when the territorial structure of the country was reformed. A special commission determined that the best place would be at the crossroads of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which runs east-west and the Kazan line, which runs north-south. This choice resulted in Perm becoming a major trade and industrial centre. The city quickly grew to become one of the biggest in the region.</p><p>5. Perm is generally stable and peaceful, so the shocks of 1917 did not reach it right away. Neither did they have the same bloody results as in Petrograd. Perm tried to distance itself from the excesses and did not share the enthusiasm for change of its neighbours. Residents supported more moderate parties. They voted for the establishment of a west European style democracy in Russia. Unfortunately, the city could not stay completely unaffected, as both the White and the Red armies wanted its factories.</p><p>6. Perm’s desire for stability and self-control made the region seem like a “swamp” during the democratic reforms of the 1990s. Unlike other regions, there were no intense social conflicts or strikes. Nevertheless, Perm was always among the regions that supported the democratic movement. In the 1999 elections, the party that wanted to continue the reforms won a majority in the region. So the city got an unofficial status of “the capital of civil society” or even “the capital of Russian liberalism”.</p><p>7. During the Second World War many factories were moved to Perm Oblast and continued to work there after it ended. Chemicals, non-ferrous metallurgy, and oil refining were the key industries after the war. Other factories produced aircraft engines, equipment for telephones, ships, bicycles, and cable. Perm press produces about 70 percent of Russia ’s currency and stamped envelopes. Nowadays several major business companies are located in Perm. The biggest players of Russian aircraft industry are among them.</p><p>8. Perm has at least a dozen theatres featuring productions that are attracting audiences from faraway cities, and even from abroad. The broad esplanade running from the city’s main square has become the site of almost continuous international art, theatre and music fairs during the summer. Even the former prison camp with grim walls outside town was converted into a theater last July for a production of “Fidelio”, Beethoven’s opera about political repression. The performance was well-reviewed.</p>

<p>Установите соответствие между текстами A – G и заголовками 1 – 8. Занесите свои ответы в таблицу. Используйте каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний .</p><p>А. Reasons to be afraid</p><p>Б. A place of wonders</p><p>В. F ight your fear</p><p>Г. How to say thank you</p><p>Д. Visiting for wild life and animals</p><p>Е. It’s never late to learn</p><p>Ж. Reading non - verbal language</p><p>1. Learn to be grateful</p><p>2. Nowadays when it’s all too easy to send an email or text, the best way to show that you are grateful to somebody is to actually mail a hand-written card. The person who gets it will know you took the extra time and thought to write a card and put it in the mail with a nice stamp. That person will appreciate your efforts much more. Plus, you’ll get the added bonus of feeling grateful a little longer than usual as you write out each note and wait for it to arrive.</p><p>3. Music is a noble passion, and people who can play a musical instrument have always been seen as intelligent people. Learning how to play a musical instrument is far more efficient if you do it in childhood. However, there are millions of adults who learn to enjoy music throughout their lives. Moreover, they don’t focus on just one instrument, but specialize in two or even more, if they have the time and the necessary ambition.</p><p>4. Millions of people avoid air travel each year because of their fear of flying. The fear of accidents happening is probably the most common fear among air travellers. It is an understandable fear, since there have been many aviation accidents throughout history. Some people may have a fear that the plane has some type of malfunction or breakdown, while others may have a fear that the weather or turbulance will affect the plane.</p><p>5. Try to understand that being scared is just an illusion that makes you limited and miserable. Take control of your mind and don’t let your imagination create frightening pictures in your head. If you cannot deal with it, you should make attempts to leave your comfort zone. Choose things and activities you are afraid of and meet your worries face to face, because it is impossible to run away from them. Just face your troubles no matter how powerful they may seem.</p><p>6. When you get chronically bored with something, your mind gets used to seeing the world negatively. It is necessary to break the chain of negative thoughts and train your mind to notice the best. Just write down 5 things you are thankful for. This way, your mind will change for the better in a while. The thankfulness will open your eyes to the beauty of the world around you and will help you to focus on positive moments in your life.</p><p>7. If you go to Ireland, go to isolated distant places in the country, talk to the locals and they will tell you the stories about the mythical Irish place, called the Otherworld. They believe that it is the land of paradise and happiness. In Irish poetry and tales, it is described as a series of islands near Ireland where the various fairytale creatures lived. Also the Otherworld seemed to be able to move from one location to another.</p><p>8. Many people can understand the nature of character without talking to the person they are interested in. The gestures and postures usually reflect the mood and the level of the person’s confidence. It’s easy to notice a highly confident person even in a big group of people. They stand in one place without constant moving from place to place, and they always make eye contact with the person they are talking to.</p>