{"id":10926,"date":"2022-12-28T15:30:32","date_gmt":"2022-12-28T15:30:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/umschool.net\/library\/?p=10926"},"modified":"2023-01-31T18:51:25","modified_gmt":"2023-01-31T18:51:25","slug":"tipy-svyazej-v-molekulah-organicheskih-veshhestv-gibridizacziya-atomnyh-orbitalej-ugleroda-radikal-funkczionalnaya-gruppa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/umschool.net\/library\/himiya\/tipy-svyazej-v-molekulah-organicheskih-veshhestv-gibridizacziya-atomnyh-orbitalej-ugleroda-radikal-funkczionalnaya-gruppa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0413\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b. \u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u2014 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439?&nbsp;<\/li><li>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430?<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041c\u0438\u0440 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439. \u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0443\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443, \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b_\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438_\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430_\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430_\u0438_\u0435\u0433\u043e_\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435_\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f\"><strong>\u0413\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f_\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430_\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\">\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u00bb \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0431\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 1 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d \u043d\u0430 s-\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 3 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 p-\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c s-\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 <strong>\u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430<\/strong>, \u0430 p- \u2014 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 <strong>\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"280\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/1-16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10927\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/1-16.png 425w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/1-16-300x198.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 425px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0418\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0432\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 CH<sub>4<\/sub> \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0433\u043e 4 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435. \u0412 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0430?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041d\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a <strong>\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u2014 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439?&nbsp;<\/strong><br><br>\u0412\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0443, \u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438.&nbsp;<br><br>\u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438.<br><br>\u0413\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 <strong>\u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0438 <strong>\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 <\/strong>\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>sp<\/strong><strong><sup>3<\/sup><\/strong><strong>-\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 sp<sup>3<\/sup> \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 s- \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0438 p-\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0438 \u0432 \u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u0433\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2014 <em>\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0442\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u044d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 CH<\/em><em><sub>4<\/sub><\/em> \u2014 \u0442\u0430\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d 109\u00b028&#8217;\u200e. \u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"435\" height=\"282\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/2-11.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"10928\" class=\"wp-image-10928\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/2-11.png 435w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/2-11-300x194.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 435px) 100vw, 435px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"808\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182550.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"20014\" data-full-url=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182550.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/umschool.net\/library\/?attachment_id=20014\" class=\"wp-image-20014\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182550.jpg 793w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182550-294x300.jpg 294w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182550-768x783.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"843\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182605.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"20015\" data-full-url=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182605.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/umschool.net\/library\/?attachment_id=20015\" class=\"wp-image-20015\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182605.jpg 940w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182605-300x269.jpg 300w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182605-768x689.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/5-11.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10932\" width=\"241\" height=\"270\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\"><li><strong>sp<\/strong><strong><sup>2<\/sup><\/strong><strong>-\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/7-8.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10933\" width=\"232\" height=\"72\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/7-8.png 357w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/7-8-300x93.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 s- \u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0435 p-\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0413\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c 120\u00b0 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438. <em>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/6-1-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20016\" width=\"326\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/6-1-4.png 435w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/6-1-4-300x194.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-2 wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"645\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/8-6-1024x645.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"10934\" class=\"wp-image-10934\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/8-6-1024x645.png 1024w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/8-6-300x189.png 300w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/8-6-768x484.png 768w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/8-6-1536x968.png 1536w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/8-6.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"886\" height=\"677\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182843.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"20017\" data-full-url=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182843.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/umschool.net\/library\/?attachment_id=20017\" class=\"wp-image-20017\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182843.jpg 886w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182843-300x229.jpg 300w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182843-768x587.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 886px) 100vw, 886px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\"><li><strong>sp-\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/11-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10936\" width=\"179\" height=\"56\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/11-4.png 357w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/11-4-300x93.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 179px) 100vw, 179px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 s- \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 p-\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, 180\u00b0 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438. <em>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b<\/em> <em>\u0430\u0446\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/10-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10937\" width=\"326\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/10-6.png 435w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/10-6-300x194.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-2 wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"499\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/12-1-1024x499.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"10938\" class=\"wp-image-10938\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/12-1-1024x499.png 1024w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/12-1-300x146.png 300w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/12-1-768x374.png 768w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/12-1-1536x748.png 1536w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/12-1.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"610\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182927-1024x610.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"20018\" data-full-url=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182927.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/umschool.net\/library\/?attachment_id=20018\" class=\"wp-image-20018\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182927-1024x610.jpg 1024w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182927-300x179.jpg 300w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182927-768x457.jpg 768w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/snimok-ekrana-2022-12-28-182927.jpg 1197w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435_\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435_\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u043c, \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u2014 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u2014 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u041a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430?<\/strong><br><br>\u0410\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 sp<sup>3<\/sup>-\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0442 \u2014 sp<sup>2<\/sup>, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438.&nbsp;<br><br>\u0412 2015 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u00ab\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c\u00bb \u0430\u043b\u043c\u0430\u0437 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c Q-\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a sp<sup>3<\/sup>-, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 sp<sup>2<\/sup>-\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\" id=\"\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430-\u0438_\u043f\u0438-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438\"><strong id=\"\u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b_\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f_\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445_\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439\">\u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"\u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435_\u0432_\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e_\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044e_\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430_\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439\">\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u0421\u0418\u0413\u041c\u0410 (\u03c3)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u041e\u0441\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 <\/strong>\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0441\u044c (\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439) \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e <strong>\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430<\/strong>, \u03c3-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/14-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10940\" width=\"575\" height=\"75\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/14-1.png 575w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/14-1-300x39.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u041f\u0418 (\u03c0)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0411\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 <\/strong>\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u03c3-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c (\u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0441\u044c\/\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0436\u0435 <strong>\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0430<\/strong>), \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u03c0-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 <strong>\u043d\u0435<\/strong> \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"449\" height=\"226\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/15-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10941\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/15-1.png 449w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/15-1-300x151.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 449px) 100vw, 449px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0435 \u03c3-, \u0430 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u03c0-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438? \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u03c3-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c\u044e. \u0410 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u03c3-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u03c0-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/16-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10942\" width=\"692\" height=\"124\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/16-1.png 692w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/16-1-300x54.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>\u041b\u0430\u0439\u0444\u0445\u0430\u043a<\/strong> \u043f\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u03c3-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439.&nbsp;<br><br>&#8212; \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u03c3-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 = \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u2212 1\u00bb.<br>&#8212; \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u00ab\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u03c3-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 = \u0441\u0443\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432\u00bb.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/17-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10943\" width=\"727\" height=\"141\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/17-1.png 969w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/17-1-300x58.png 300w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/17-1-768x149.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 727px) 100vw, 727px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a <strong>\u0442\u0438\u043f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 <\/strong>(\u03c3- \u0438 \u03c0-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438) \u0438 <strong>\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 <\/strong>\u2014 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438, \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>\u0413\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0412 \u0433\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b \u2014 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d \u2014 <strong>\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"311\" height=\"60\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/18-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10944\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/18-1.png 311w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/18-1-300x58.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 311px) 100vw, 311px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0433\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e, \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u0413\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\"><li><strong>\u0413\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439.<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0422\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412 <strong>\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 <\/strong>\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b: <strong>\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043e\u043d <\/strong>\u2014 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 <strong>\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043e\u043d <\/strong>\u2014 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"264\" height=\"72\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/19-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10945\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0420\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u042d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438: \u043d\u0430 <strong>\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b<\/strong> (R) \u0438 <strong>\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0443<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/20-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10946\" width=\"313\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/20-2.png 313w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/20-2-300x129.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 313px) 100vw, 313px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f, <strong>\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b<\/strong> \u2014 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430 H. \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c: \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043d CH<sub>4<\/sub> \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b CH<sub>3<\/sub>-, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d CH<sub>3<\/sub>-CH<sub>2<\/sub>-CH<sub>3<\/sub> \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u043b CH<sub>3<\/sub>-CH<sub>2<\/sub>-CH<sub>2<\/sub>-.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f_\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\">\u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/21-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10947\" width=\"512\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/21-1.png 683w, \/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/21-1-300x295.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"background-color:#e9e0f1\"><strong>\u0424\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430<\/strong> \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/22-1.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/23-1.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><td>\u0410\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td><td>\u0410\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0434\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/24.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><td>\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0431\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td><td>\u041a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043d\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/25.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><td>\u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f<\/td><td>\u0421\u043f\u0438\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0444\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043b\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/26.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><td>\u0410\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430<\/td><td>\u0410\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044b<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/27.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><td>\u041d\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430<\/td><td>\u041d\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/library\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/28.png\" alt=\"\"><\/td><td>\u0424\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0445\u043b\u043e\u0440, \u0431\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0438\u043e\u0434<\/td><td>\u0413\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u0424\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0447\u0435\u043a<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430 <strong>\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f <\/strong>\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438.<\/li><li>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 <strong>\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430<\/strong> \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430: sp<sup>3<\/sup>-, sp<sup>2<\/sup>&#8212; \u0438 sp-\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.<\/li><li>\u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f <strong>\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c\u044e<\/strong>, \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u2014 <strong>\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430 + \u043f\u0438-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c<\/strong>, \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0430\u044f \u2014 <strong>\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430 + 2 \u043f\u0438-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438<\/strong>.<\/li><li>\u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 <strong>\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b<\/strong> \u0438 <strong>\u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0443<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 1.<\/strong><br>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 s-\u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>\u0448\u0430\u0440\u0430<\/li><li>\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/li><li>\u043f\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/li><li>\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 2.<\/strong><br>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 sp<sup>2<\/sup>-\u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>1 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c<\/li><li>2 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/li><li>3 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438<\/li><li>4 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 3.<\/strong><br>\u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>2 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0438 1 \u043f\u0438-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c<\/li><li>1 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0438 2 \u043f\u0438-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438<\/li><li>3 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043c\u0430-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438<\/li><li>3 \u043f\u0438-\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0417\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 4.<\/strong><br>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 2-\u0445\u043b\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>0<\/li><li>1<\/li><li>2<\/li><li>3<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u041e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u044b: 1.<\/strong> \u2014&nbsp; 1; <strong>2.<\/strong> \u2014 3; <strong>3.<\/strong> \u2014 2; <strong>4.<\/strong> \u2014 3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435&nbsp; \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0431\u044f\u0442\u0430\u00bb \u2014 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439?&nbsp; \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430? \u041c\u0438\u0440 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439. \u0410\u0442\u043e\u043c\u044b \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0443\u0435\u0442\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f\u00bb \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043c. \u0412 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443, \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u043d\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20013,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[1437],"class_list":["post-10926","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-himiya","tag-organicheskaya-himiya"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0422\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0413\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0439 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